{"id":108117,"date":"2022-05-31T11:37:41","date_gmt":"2022-05-31T06:07:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/legalwindow.in\/?p=108117"},"modified":"2022-12-26T14:51:32","modified_gmt":"2022-12-26T09:21:32","slug":"foreign-exchange-management-act-1999","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalwindow.in\/blog\/foreign-exchange-management-act-1999\/","title":{"rendered":"Basics notion of Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-108120 size-full\" title=\"Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999\" src=\"https:\/\/legalwindow.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/Basics-notion-of-Foreign-Exchange-Management-Act-1999.png\" alt=\"Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999\" width=\"1200\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.legalwindow.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Basics-notion-of-Foreign-Exchange-Management-Act-1999.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.legalwindow.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Basics-notion-of-Foreign-Exchange-Management-Act-1999-600x315.png 600w, https:\/\/www.legalwindow.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Basics-notion-of-Foreign-Exchange-Management-Act-1999-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/www.legalwindow.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Basics-notion-of-Foreign-Exchange-Management-Act-1999-1024x538.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.legalwindow.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Basics-notion-of-Foreign-Exchange-Management-Act-1999-768x403.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was enacted by the Indian Central Government to facilitate external payments and cross-border trade in India. FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act) was enacted in 1999 to replace FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act) (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act). FEMA was created to address all of the flaws and shortcomings of FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act), and as a result, it enacted a number of economic reforms (major reforms). FEMA was created primarily to de-regulate and liberalize India&#8217;s economy.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #555;\"><b>Table of Content<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Objectives\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FEMA&#8217;s Objectives<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Applicability\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FEMA Act&#8217;s Applicability<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Withdrawal\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Withdrawal of Foreign Exchange Is Prohibited<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Foreign\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foreign Exchange Withdrawal Route<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Drawl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drawl of foreign exchange transactions that require prior clearance from the Central Government<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Penalties\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Penalties Pursuant to FEMA<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Endnote\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Endnote<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"Objectives\"><b>FEMA&#8217;s Objectives<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FEMA was established in India with the primary goal of facilitating international trade and payments. FEMA was also created to aid the development and maintenance of the Indian currency market in an orderly manner. The Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) establishes the rules and processes for all foreign exchange transactions in India. Capital Account Transactions and Current Account Transactions are the two types of foreign exchange transactions that have been categorized.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The balance of payment, as defined by the FEMA Act, is a record of transactions in commodities, services, and assets between citizens of different countries. Capital Account and Current Account are the two primary types of accounts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Capital Account includes all capital transactions, whereas the Current Account includes merchandise trade. Current Account transactions are those that include the inflow and outflow of money to and from a country or countries over the course of a year as a result of commodity, service, and income trading\/rendering.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The current account is a measure of a country&#8217;s economic health. As previously stated, the balance of payment is made up of current and capital accounts, with the capital account accounting for the flow of capital in the economy as a result of capital receipts and expenditures. Domestic investment in foreign assets and foreign investment in domestic assets are both recognized in the capital account.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Applicability\"><b>FEMA Act&#8217;s Applicability<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act) applies to the entire country of India as well as agencies and offices operating outside of India (which are owned or managed by an Indian Citizen). The Enforcement Directorate, FEMA&#8217;s headquarters, is located in New Delhi. The Foreign Exchange\u00a0Management Act\u00a0(FEMA) is responsible for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foreign currency exchange.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foreign security.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any commodity and\/or service exported from India to a country outside of India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Importation of any product or service from a country other than India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Securities in the sense of the Public Debt Act, 1994.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any form of purchase, sale, or exchange (i.e. Transfer).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Banking, financial, and insurance services are all available.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/legalwindow.in\/nri-taxation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NRI<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Non-Resident Indian) who owns 60% or more of a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">company<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in another country.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any Indian citizen, whether residing inside or outside the nation (NRI).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The FEMA Act categorizes current account transactions into three components, which are as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transactions forbidden by FEMA;\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transactions requiring authorization from the Central Government;\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transactions requiring clearance from the RBI.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"Withdrawal\"><b>Withdrawal of Foreign Exchange Is Prohibited<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any remittance received as a result of winning the lottery.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any form of remittance from racing\/riding income, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any payment made for the purchase of a lottery ticket, football pools, sweepstakes, or banned\/prescribed magazines, for example.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Payment of export commissions to Indian companies for equity participation in joint ventures\/wholly owned subsidiaries abroad.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any company&#8217;s dividend remittance. This section, however, is only applicable if the dividend balance condition is met.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Payment of a commission on exports under the Rupees State<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Except for commissions up to 10% of the invoice value of tea and tobacco exports, credit routes are available.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Payment is made for telephone &#8220;Call Back Services.&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A trip to Bhutan and\/or Nepal is planned.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Interest income on monies maintained in an NRSR account (Non-resident Special Rupees Scheme account) is remitted.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A transaction with a Bhutanese or Nepalese resident.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"Foreign\"><b>Foreign Exchange Withdrawal Route<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foreign Exchange can be obtained through the Prior Approval Route or the General Permission Route, according to the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbi.org.in\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reserve Bank of India<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S.No.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Particulars<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limitations<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>1.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Visiting any country in private (except Bhutan and Nepal)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10,000 USD or equivalent for one or more private visits in a calendar year.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>2.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Donations\/ Gift<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During a fiscal year, remittances should not exceed $125,000 USD.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>3.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Company Donation<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1 percent of the previous three fiscal years&#8217; currency exchange earnings or $5 million USD, whichever is less, for a specified purpose<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>4.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Visiting out of India for the purpose of Employment<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One-time payment of $1,000,000 USD<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>5.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remittance Facility for Emigration Purpose<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1, 00,000 USD or the prescribed amount by country of emigration, not to exceed 1, 00,000 USD once.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>6.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remittance for maintenance of relative outside India.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salary (after income tax, <a href=\"https:\/\/legalwindow.in\/pf-esi-registration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Provident Fund<\/a>, and other deductions) of a person who is not a permanent resident of India and is a citizen of a foreign country other than Pakistan.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In all other cases, the recipient receives $100,000 USD per year.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>7.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Business Travel Abroad<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">25000 USD per trip, depending on length of stay.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>8.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Attending specialized training or conference\/ meetings<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">25000 US Dollar<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>9.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medical Treatment<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1,00,000 US Dollar<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>10.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintenance of a patient for medical check<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">25000 US Dollar<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>11.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Studying Abroad<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1,000,000 USD per academic year or the institution&#8217;s estimate, whichever is greater.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>12.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meeting the expenses of a person accompanying a patient to a medical check-up or medical treatment in another country.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">25000 US Dollar<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>13.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Payment of a commission to a foreign agent for the sale of a commercial or residential plot or flat in India.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">25000 US dollars or 5% of inward remittances per transaction, whichever is greater.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>14.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International consulting services<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1 million USD per project to 10,000,000 USD per project (for infrastructure project)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1 million dollars In all other instances.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>15.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reimbursement for pre-incorporation expenses<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">100,000 US dollars or 5% of total investment in India, whichever is greater.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>16.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Payment for the purchase and\/or use of a trademark<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allowed without the Reserve Bank of India&#8217;s approval.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>17.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remittance from a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/legalwindow.in\/foreign-company-indian-subsidiary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">foreign company<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to secure Health Insurance<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allowed Freely<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>18.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Payment of a lump sum fee and remittance of royalties under the technical collaboration agreement.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allow without any prior RBI approval.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>19.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When a person becomes ill after travelling abroad, the exchange for medical treatment outside of India is released.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On the basis of self-declarations, an amount of USD 1,000,000 can be obtained without any hassles or loss of time.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>20.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remittance of Low Value<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Up to $25,000 USD (form A2)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"Drawl\"><b>Drawl of foreign exchange transactions that require prior clearance from the Central Government<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transactions requiring prior approval from the Central Government for foreign exchange drawl are as follows-<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cultural journeys.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advertisement in a foreign country&#8217;s print media for any purpose other than promoting tourism, international bidding, and foreign investments (in excess of $10,000 USD) by a state government and its public sector units.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Payment of importation on a c.i.f. basis by a Public Sector Unit or a Department of Government only for importation via ocean transport.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freight remittance from chartered vessels<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remission of container detention fees that exceed the DGS&#8217;s (Director General of Shipping) prescribed rate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remittance of prize money\/sponsorship of any sport activity outside India by a person other than national\/international\/street level sports bodies, if the prize money\/sponsorship exceeds $1,000,000 USD.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remission of transponder rental fees.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Internet Service Providers (ISPs).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Channels on television<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reimbursement for P&amp;I Club ministry membership.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multi-model transport operators remit funds to their overseas agents.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"Penalties\"><b>Penalties Pursuant to FEMA<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If anyone violates the provisions of FEMA or any rule, direction, regulation, order, or notification issued under FEMA, he will be fined up to three times the amount involved in the violation, or Rs.2 lakh. If the contravention continues, he will be subject to a further penalty of Rs.5, 000 for each day the contravention continues.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Endnote\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/legalwindow.in\/nri-taxation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-109580 size-full\" title=\"NRI Taxation\" src=\"https:\/\/legalwindow.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/NRI-Taxation-Starting-from-4000.png\" alt=\"NRI Taxation\" width=\"1000\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.legalwindow.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/NRI-Taxation-Starting-from-4000.png 1000w, https:\/\/www.legalwindow.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/NRI-Taxation-Starting-from-4000-600x120.png 600w, https:\/\/www.legalwindow.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/NRI-Taxation-Starting-from-4000-300x60.png 300w, https:\/\/www.legalwindow.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/NRI-Taxation-Starting-from-4000-768x154.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a>Endnote<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FEMA empowers the central government to impose restrictions on activities such as making payments to people who live outside the country or receiving money through them. FEMA also has restrictions on foreign exchange and foreign security transactions. The primary goal of FEMA was to aid in the facilitation of external trade and payments in India. It was also intended to aid in the orderly development and maintenance of India&#8217;s foreign exchange market. It establishes the procedures, formalities, and transactions for all foreign exchange transactions in India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are you making your mind for investing outside India? Connect to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/legalwindow.in\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legal Window<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and get expert advice before doing so, for avoiding discrepancies later.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 was enacted by the Indian Central Government to facilitate external payments and cross-border trade in India. FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act) was&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":108119,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-108117","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fema"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Basics notion of Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In this Article you will learn about Basics notion of Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999. 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